The purpose of that it job is to study the result away from reproduce and you can age into the egg development therefore the eggs outside and you can inner top quality within the five Italian dual-mission types , at the start and some months after than just very first weeks laying hobby you to definitely taken place, correspondingly, at the conclusion of summer/start of trip along with winter months, less than changeable environment requirements.
2.step one. Pet and you may Rearing Conditions
Five Italian poultry types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was indeed considered for the investigation. The body weight of adult lady are step 1.twenty-five kilogram when you look at the PP, 2.31 kilogram for the Emergency room and you may step 3.05 kilogram into the RM and you will RL. Their source ‘s the Veneto region (Italy): PP try a classic regional breed; their provider are old returning to this new XIX century, but no exact analysis towards the genetic origin are present. One other breeds are available in Veneto in 1950s: the latest Emergency room breed arises from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and Rhode Island (brown eggshell breed) breeds, whereas towards RM and RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you can Light The usa, a couple of brown eggshell breeds were used . Plus the adult lbs, such types differ inside their plumage the color: it hans kommentar finns hГ¤r is wonderful during the PP, Er shows erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly light having black colored extremities in a lot of countries of the human body, black feathers from primaries and you will tail and RL shows a great tawny plumage with black feathers out-of primaries and you will end. Every types (Shape S1) inform you single comb and you can put tinted eggshell eggs (Shape S2).
2. Content and methods
Wild birds away from for every reproduce hatched at the same time (last half out-of age ranch of your own Heart getting Poultry Biodiversity Preservation throughout the Veneto area (they regularly offers brand new rearing ones breeds also when it comes to egg production for incubation and you can brooding), when you look at the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), from hatching towards pubertal years and you can regarding the putting several months, and that been regarding the avoid out-of june into the beginning of fall (Figure step 1), according to the reproduce. Feeding, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis measures were the same on four breeds, since off hatching on stop of your examined months, that has been in , at 53 weeks of age. New recently hatched chicks were leftover inside inside the basic 4 months regarding lifetime, during the an ecological temperature decreasing from thirty two in order to 24 °C, significantly less than infra-yellow light lighting fixtures, with the litter. Within 1.5 days of age, the wild birds received free usage of outside rooms, away from spring so you can autumn and you may wintertime. Each breed (sixty hens) got totally free usage of outside (5 yards 2 /bird) place (armed with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens resided all day, in order to interior (4 hens/m 2 ) place (wood shavings and you can straw litter, with perches and you can rounded feeders), used mainly getting installing egg (collective nests) as well as nights; the room (interior and you can outdoor) open to each breed try divided from the netting.
At the start of putting (at about twenty two months old for the reproduce that have prior to start of putting), inside Sep–Oct, with regards to the breed, the latest photoperiod try pure and coming down, according to season while the geographic status of your own demo channel in the Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and for the second period (out of 38 months of age, away from December to 53 weeks of age), fake light try slowly improved (for the interior place, filament-based light bulb, on the sixty lux) to acquire a beneficial photoperiod away from 14L:10D. This new photoperiod try controlled from the a timer, and it are attained by turning on brand new light one hour before dawn and you will turning off they an hour or so immediately following sundown. The external ecological heat is ten ± step 3.cuatro °C and you can eleven ± 3.0 °C, respectively, towards the earliest (right away regarding Oct toward avoid from November) and next (from the beginning away from January towards prevent off February) installing periods, if the research on yield results and you may egg top quality was accumulated. The new animals received advertising libitum commercial feeds centered on the emotional stage (around three diversified industrial nourishes inside the broadening period). Towards very first laying stage (26–33 days old, below coming down absolute photoperiod), when the types been laying, the new birds received a commercial pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.8 MJ/kg, California = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = nine.1%, Me personally = thirteen.7 MJ/kg), on a ratio of 1:1. It is well worth remembering one to, at that ages, only the dual-mission and you will shaded eggshell types showed a varying onset of installing and you will egg production rates, whereas the fresh new hens belonging to the other breeds of the newest Maintenance Center having Biodiversity and you can hatched meanwhile of the analyzed types, including the light eggshell types, failed to initiate putting (Padovana breed) otherwise it displayed a very scant laying activity (Polverara breed), never reaching the tolerance of 10% hen–go out eggs production. The explanation for the choice of new Maintenance Hub, to not play with a feed for installing hens during the this era, was due to perhaps not pushing new pullets to egg creation during the a season with coming down temperatures and you can photoperiod. The brand new wild birds increased outdoors, not as much as favorable requirements to have skeletal health, travelling soil and less than solar power rays. In the outdoor area for each reproduce, the existence of grass accessible to the fresh new wild birds was higher throughout brand new increasing several months than during the start of putting, and that happened following summer time, if rain are scarce and did not allow for a beneficial yard regrowth. Away from 38 so you can 53 days old, and you can below increasing photoperiod, brand new hens was indeed fed a commercial pelleted feed to have laying (PG = 16%, Me personally = eleven.5 MJ/kg, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All the feeds consisted mostly from maize and you may soybean.